Breakthroughs Blog: Antimicrobial resistance

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A new study found that more than three million children, many from Southeast Asia and Africa, died in 2022 due to antibiotic-resistant infections, underscoring the urgent need for new and improved antibiotics to treat bacterial infections that are less likely to lead to the emergence of resistance, as well as new and improved antibiotics to address drug-resistant infections. Additionally, the study highlights the critical threat that antimicrobial resistance poses to children, in particular, who are highly vulnerable to infections, calling attention to the need for antibiotics that are safe and effective in this population.Researchers from Tulane University have developed a new smartphone-sized device that can deliver tuberculosis (TB) test results at the point of care in less than an hour, an innovation that could transform TB diagnosis, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where more than 90 percent of new TB cases occur. The low-cost, battery-powered device is the first that can detect the bacterium that causes TB in saliva in addition to blood and sputum, making it acceptable for use in children and people living with HIV, who may not be able to produce sputum. The technology was tested in children ages 1 to 16 in the Dominican Republic and demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity.A recent study found that a novel antibiotic compound is as effective at removing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as the current standard of care. The currently available antibiotics to treat skin infections caused by MRSA and other Staphylococcus strains can cause unpleasant side effects and are becoming less effective as these bacteria develop resistance to them. These promising results enable the researchers to continue preclinical development for the compound, specifically testing whether the compound can be incorporated into gels that can be applied to the skin to treat skin infections caused by MRSA and other bacteria, preventing the need for prolonged courses of current antibiotics.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A new study led by a multi-country research team has found that the Xpert MTB/Ultra molecular diagnostic test for stool samples, which is currently only recommended for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in children, could serve as an alternative TB diagnosis option for adults living with HIV—a potential gamechanger for improving diagnosis among this population. Thirteen percent of the 1.25 million TB deaths in 2012 were among people living with HIV, but access to the sputum- and urine-based tests currently recommended for TB diagnosis in this population is limited in many settings, and they are not effective for all people living with HIV. The researchers found that, compared to current tests, the stool test was effective, and, in some cases, even identified additional cases that were not detected in sputum or bacterial culture.The Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) last week announced a $3.7 million award to ArrePath to support its first-in-class antibiotic for treating complicated urinary tract infections caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales bacteria. If it proves successful, the novel antibiotic class could target the vast majority of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales infections. The class of antibiotics also has attributes that suggest it could be administered orally or intravenously, allowing more flexibility for patients. ArrePath identified the new class using an artificial intelligence and machine-learning-enabled approach.Last week, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a freeze-dried formulation of Bavarian Nordic’s vaccine for mpox and smallpox, Jynneos, enabling additional flexibility in stockpiling doses of the vaccine to prepare for future outbreaks of smallpox or mpox. The freeze-dried vaccines are easier to store and transport and have a longer shelf life than the frozen liquid version, which was approved in 2019. Bavarian Nordic will deliver the first freeze-dried vaccines later this year.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A research team has discovered an all-new class of antibiotics that could, if it proves successful down the line, improve our ability to address some of the most drug-resistant bacteria in the world, as antimicrobial resistance continues to rise globally. The new molecule, lariocidin, attacks bacteria distinctly from other antibiotics by inhibiting bacteria’s ability to grow and survive. Lariocidin is also not toxic to human cells, not susceptible to existing mechanisms or antibiotic resistance, and it works well in an animal model of infection, underscoring its potential to be a gamechanger in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance, although years of further research are still needed.Scientists from the Institut Pasteur, in collaboration with Kumamoto University, have assessed a new rapid diagnostic test to identify pregnant women at elevated risk of transmitting Hepatitis B to their babies, which could help eliminate mother-to-child transmission of Hepatitis B during childbirth, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Hepatitis B is a leading cause of death globally and particularly affects resource-limited countries. While vaccination is available, available antiviral therapies do not provide a cure and existing tests can be costly and require specialized equipment that is often unavailable in these settings. The new test is highly effective, inexpensive to produce, easy to use, does not require electricity, can be used in higher temperatures, and provides results in 45 minutes, making it ideal for integration into routine antenatal care in decentralized, resource-limited settings.A recently published paper identified a novel method for delivering drugs in higher doses with less pain that could offer a better way to deliver long-lasting contraception or other drugs that need to be given over extended periods. The project, which began as part of a Gates Foundation-funded effort to expand contraceptive options, particularly in low-resource settings, created a new method of injecting drugs formulated into tiny crystals that can last for months or even years in the body. There are similar drug delivery methods that are already in use, but the new method can last longer and can also be injected through a smaller needle that is easier for patients to tolerate.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Last week, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) announced a $43.5 million deal with AstraZeneca to further the development of novel antibodies designed to target four pandemic influenza virus strains, which could reduce costs and improve access to monoclonal antibody treatments. The antibodies, called VHH, have unique potential to be a key medical countermeasure in the event of an influenza pandemic, and this investment marks the first time they are being looked at for pandemic flu protection, although they are currently being studied as a potential tool to address chronic diseases, including cancers. If proven effective down the line, VHH antibodies could serve as a stopgap in the case of an influenza pandemic before vaccines can be widely rolled out.A team of Chinese researchers has discovered a bacterial compound that can kill infectious fungi, including antifungal-resistant strains, as antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to antifungals, continues to rise around the world. The compound, mandimycin, was effective against World Health Organization fungal priority pathogens Candida auris, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus in lab tests and was able to treat an antifungal-resistant Candida auris strain in mice. The compound also seemed less likely than other compounds to lead to the development of resistance in the fungi exposed to it, underscoring its potential as a key tool to address this growing global public health crisis.Last week, the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) and deepmirror announced a new disease-agnostic platform, Drug Design for Global Health, designed to accelerate drug discovery through machine learning and artificial intelligence in low- and middle-income countries. The partners aim to bolster global health security by speeding up the development of new drugs for a variety of significant diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and neglected tropical diseases. Specifically, the platform aims to eliminate financial barriers for scientists in low- and middle-income countries and give them access to cutting-edge technology, enabling them to drive innovation in drug discovery research efforts.