Hannah Sachs-Wetstone

Last week, French biopharmaceutical company Osivax announced that it received a $19.5 million contract from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to further develop its broad-spectrum influenza A candidate vaccine for pandemic and seasonal flu preparedness. The vaccine is designed to target a part of the virus that is highly conserved and less likely to mutate, hopefully offering a broader, more universal immune response, and it has demonstrated promising results in early clinical trials. BARDA’s funding will support ongoing clinical development and large-scale trial and manufacturing preparation, with potential options for future funding to support Phase 2b and scale-up activities. A team of researchers at the University of Nottingham successfully produced antibodies that kill the parasite that causes Chagas disease, an important step toward the development of a much-needed vaccine. Chagas is a serious neglected tropical disease, which causes 56,000 cases and 12,000 deaths every year. The researchers developed antibodies targeting two key proteins in the parasite that were found to be extremely effective at neutralizing the parasite in a crucial developmental phase when it’s capable of infection, which is key for vaccine development.   A University of Maryland research team developed an artificial intelligence (AI) tool that can quickly scan electronic medical records to identify high-risk patients who may be infected with H5N1 avian flu, as this year’s outbreak highlights the need for more robust screening interventions to ensure infections are not going undetected. The researchers used their generative AI large-language model to analyze the records of more than 13,000 adults who had visited the emergency department in Maryland in 2024 for acute respiratory illness and common H5N1 symptoms. With less than half an hour of human input, the model found 76 records that mentioned a lifestyle risk factor for H5N1, 14 of which were confirmed to have a recent exposure to animals that transmit H5N1. The tool highlights the shortcomings of the response to the latest outbreak and offers a potential new tool to help improve surveillance and testing in future outbreaks of H5N1 and other infectious diseases.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Last week, the Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) announced that it is awarding $3 million to Baxiva to support the development of a vaccine that targets the most common serotypes associated with invasive Escherichia coli infections. E. coli is the leading cause of urinary tract infections around the world and a common cause of neonatal sepsis infections, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The candidate uses new targets that haven’t been used in other vaccines and targets several bacterial strains. The company’s rapid development platform also enables it to quickly design vaccines targeting various types of bacteria.The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (CEPI) last week announced a global collaborative effort to carry out epidemiological and computational modelling projects to help strengthen scientific understanding of the Rift Valley fever and its impact across Africa, helping guide the planning of future clinical trials assessing much-needed vaccine candidates for the disease. Despite major Rift Valley fever outbreaks seen in Africa and beyond and global recognition of the need to boost R&D efforts, there are large gaps in our knowledge about the burden and spread of the disease. The two projects, led by institutions in Kenya and Tanzania and supported by global partners, will assess the impact of the disease across Africa, as well as forecast its future burden, providing crucial data for vaccine developers to plan large-scale trials when the virus is widely circulating.A new study from the University of Alabama at Birmingham demonstrates that an antibody designed to target the dengue virus could also block the spread of the Zika virus, an important finding that could inform the development of much-needed treatments for Zika. There are no approved treatments for Zika, a dangerous virus that can pose severe risks to pregnant people and their babies. In a novel preclinical in vivo model, the antibody helped stop the virus from spreading, particularly in vulnerable parts of the body, leading to improved survival rates.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used artificial intelligence (AI) to design two new potential antibiotics to target drug-resistant gonorrhea and MRSA, which were successful in laboratory and animal tests. Rising antimicrobial resistance has underscored the urgent need for new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant infections, and scientists have been researching how AI could play a role in streamlining the tricky, time-consuming, and expensive task of searching through thousands of known chemicals to identify ones with potential to become new antibiotics. These researchers also brought the technology into the next step of drug development, using generative AI to actually design antibiotic compounds for further study by feeding the AI model data about the chemical structure of known compounds and whether they slow the growth of different bacterial species. While the antibiotic compounds will still need to undergo years of further study and clinical trials, they could serve, if proven effective, as important new tools against the rise of antimicrobial resistance, and, more broadly, this research could pave the way for AI to revolutionize antibiotic discovery, just as this growing threat heightens the need for new drugs.Newly published results from a study done by PATH and PT Bio Farma show that the novel live attenuated type 1 and 3 oral polio vaccines are similarly safe and effective compared to the monovalent Sabin-strain oral polio vaccines. The novel types 1 and 3 oral polio vaccines were developed in response to the rare but concerning risk of vaccine-derived polio associated with the Sabin-strain oral polio vaccines, and these results support the progression of these vaccine candidates to Phase 2 studies. If they continue to prove effective, new oral polio vaccines could support global efforts to boost immunization while reducing the risk of vaccine-associated polio. The study was conducted at four US centers among 205 adults with varying polio vaccination histories.A research team at Arizona State University has developed a test for multiple infectious diseases that is affordable, quick, and non-invasive, offering a new tool for improving access to rapid diagnosis and connection to treatment in low-resource settings around the world. The NasRED (Nanoparticle-Supported Rapid Electronic Detection) test uses just a single drop of blood, costs mere dollars, delivers results in only 15 minutes, and is simple and portable enough to be used in a wide variety of health care settings, including those without significant laboratory infrastructure or health care workers with specialized laboratory training—without sacrificing accuracy. Its developers say it could be a game-changer in an infectious disease outbreak scenario, as well as for diseases that are difficult and important to detect early, including hepatitis C or HIV. Specifically, the test uses tiny gold nanoparticles that are coated with special molecules designed to detect even extremely small amounts of disease-related proteins.

Here in Washington, DC, it’s been an especially buggy summer, with more ticks, mosquitos, and even invasive lanternflies everywhere. In fact, we’re seeing a global rise in mosquito-borne diseases, as rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing travel and migration bring these critters—and the viruses and parasites they carry—to new places and populations. For example, just last week, a potential case of locally acquired malaria was identified in Washington state, and West Nile virus, a disease transmitted by mosquitoes that was first isolated in Uganda, is now considered endemic in New York state in 2025. Last month, the World Health Organization issued an urgent call for action as chikungunya continues to spread globally again this year, prompting fear of a repeat of the 2004-2005 epidemic. Yellow fever is on the rise too—cases in the Americas during the first few months of 2025 alone more than tripled all cases the region saw last year. 2024 was also the worst year on record for dengue cases. The collective impact of these diseases is striking: globally, mosquito-borne diseases kill more than 1 million people and infect up to 700 million people each year.As conventional vector control methods like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying increasingly face challenges from insecticide resistance and mosquito-borne diseases continue to enter new regions and communities, new and up-and-coming innovations, including in diagnostics, mosquito population modification, and vaccines, will be key to helping minimize the spread of these deadly and debilitating diseases. New diagnostics can help ensure patients start treatment earlierWhile effective tools exist to diagnose mosquito-borne diseases, next-generation tools now in the pipeline could help people receive an accurate diagnosis faster, earlier, at a lower cost, and closer to their home, as well as distinguish between different mosquito-borne infections with similar symptoms. These promising breakthroughs could improve detection and care, particularly in rural and remote areas worldwide.A research team at Institut Pasteur is developing a new rapid diagnostic that can detect the presence of the Plasmodium vivax malaria parasite shortly after the initial mosquito bite—before symptoms arise—, helping patients receive appropriate treatment more quickly. Another team has developed a diagnostic device that uses strips of paper, which could serve as a more affordable, portable diagnostic alternative for detecting malaria infection in asymptomatic people in just 30 minutes.Beyond malaria, a team of Brazilian researchers has developed a novel test that can rapidly identify exposure to all four serotypes of dengue virus, as well as the Zika virus, making it perfectly suitable for regions like Brazil that are endemic to both viruses, where the similarity between symptoms can make it hard to diagnose or assess immunity in patients. This test could also help health care providers and public health workers better pinpoint where treatment and preventive measures need to be implemented.Another new tool developed by scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases could also aid surveillance and response. It uses blood samples to identify people who have been bitten by Aedes mosquitoes, which can spread diseases like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, to identify geographic hot spots for the mosquitoes and monitor exposure in people, helping improve targeted public health interventions. New and innovative tests like these can help identify and minimize the spread of mosquito-borne diseases by connecting people to treatment earlier, as well as informing public health efforts to implement larger-scale vector control measures. Modifying mosquitoes can make it harder for insects to spread diseaseAnother approach to curb mosquito-borne diseases is to directly control the mosquito population by targeting the insect’s ability to transmit viruses or parasites to people through genetic modification or other means. One method establishes a bacterium called Wolbachia, which is commonly found in insects, in an Aedes aegypti mosquito population, blocking viruses like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika from growing inside the insects' bodies. This approach has helped protect more than 13.3 million people as of December 2024. Another research team has found a way to genetically engineer Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes by inserting a gene, which naturally occurs in some mosquitoes, that makes them poor hosts for malaria parasites.Scientists are also exploring approaches that involve inhibiting the reproduction of mosquitoes to reduce population size, and thus, the spread of disease. A Spanish research team is releasing thousands of sterilized tiger mosquitoes, one of the species whose females transmit dengue, to reduce the spread of dengue and other vector-borne diseases. Similar sterilization techniques have been previously used to address other disease vectors, but the Spanish lab is pioneering its use on the tiger mosquito.In an altogether different and novel approach, scientists in the Netherlands are looking into a way to modify mosquitoes so their bite can deliver a vaccine for malaria to humans, with continuous exposure through multiple bites prolonging immunity levels.While some of these methods of targeting mosquito populations have proven effective already and new methods could offer even more precise mechanisms for vector control, the long-term implications on the ecosystem warrant further consideration, so science must move forward cautiously. New vaccines could be game changers, but research has stalled for some diseasesExperts believe that vaccines are essential for drastically reducing the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases, and when used in combination with other prevention methods, could help turn the tide against this growing threat. The world’s first malaria vaccine was approved in 2021, closely followed by a second vaccine in 2023, both of which have already had a huge impact, with 24 million doses delivered across 20 countries. Ongoing research aims to resolve some of the limitations of these first-generation vaccines. One innovative malaria vaccine candidate that is undergoing a clinical trial uses genetically engineered parasites that cannot cause disease but are potent enough to trigger a strong immune response. Preclinical data found that the vaccine could potentially offer higher efficacy at lower doses than current vaccines.The first vaccine for dengue, which could only be used among people who had previous infections, was approved in 2019, but its production is being phased out due to limited use. It was trailed by additional vaccines, including the Qdenga vaccine, which targets all four types of the dengue virus and is safe for use in individuals with and without prior infection. However, it does not provide equal protection against all dengue subtypes and has not been studied enough in people over 16 years old. Researchers in Brazil have developed a single-dose vaccine targeting all dengue subtypes that demonstrated high efficacy in people across ages in recent Phase 3 trials. Its single dose would hopefully also make it easier to administer and scale up production.While these vaccines hold tremendous promise, there are still gaps in the pipeline and a lack of availability of vaccines for certain mosquito-borne diseases. There are no human vaccines for West Nile virus, even though safe and highly effective West Nile vaccines for horses have been around for decades, with research and development efforts in the United States hindered by the sporadic and unpredictable nature of outbreaks. Zika vaccine research has also stalled since the 2015-2016 outbreak, attention dwindling along with cases as people forget the frightening and unexpected nature of the last rise in cases.With trends like climate change, globalization, and migration showing no signs of slowing down, the world’s deadliest animal and the diseases it carries are only going to become a bigger risk to human health. We’ve made tremendous progress against these diseases, but further innovations will better prepare us to take on a buggier future.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A new study from a team at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine found that the drug nitisinone works as a potent contact insecticide for killing the mosquito species that spread malaria, dengue, Zika, and other emerging mosquito-borne viral threats, offering hope of a new approach to combating insecticide resistance. Nitisinone, which is currently used to treat a rare genetic condition in humans, kills mosquitoes by blocking an enzyme that is necessary for them to process human blood, which is not a pathway targeted by any currently used insecticides. The research suggests that the drug could be formulated for use in indoor residual spraying or insecticide-treated bed nets, helping eliminate mosquitoes even in settings where rising insecticide resistance has undermined the effectiveness of current vector control methods.Early last week, the Gates Foundation announced a $2.5 billion commitment through 2030 to accelerate research and development on women’s health. Specifically, the funding will help advance more than 40 innovations in five critical areas: obstetric care and maternal immunization, maternal health and nutrition, gynecological and menstrual health, contraceptive innovation, and sexually transmitted infections. These areas were selected based on extensive data about where innovation can save and improve the most lives and where there are persistently high rates of misdiagnosis, as well as direct insights from women in low- and middle-income countries about their needs, preferences, and challenges.Last week, IAVI; the Mutala Trust; ReiThera; and the Ragon Institute of Mass General Brigham, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University announced that the first doses of an investigational HIV vaccine candidate were administered in their Phase 1, first-in-human clinical trial. The clinical trial is taking place at three sites in Zimbabwe and South Africa among 120 healthy adults, including people living with HIV. Carrying out the trial in sub-Saharan Africa, which faces the highest disease burden, will help ensure the vaccine is effective and relevant in the communities where it is most needed. The vaccine candidate is designed to stimulate the immune system, particularly CD8+ T cells, to recognize and target critical structural regions of the virus. Scientists believe CD8+ T cells could potentially target HIV-infected cells, so the trial will also assess whether the vaccine candidate could be part of future therapeutic or cure technologies.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Last week, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) and AN2 Therapeutics announced a new collaboration to advance clinical development of AN2’s oral drug candidate for the treatment of chronic Chagas disease, which can remain asymptomatic for years while the infection wreaks irreversible damage in the body, potentially leading to the development of life-threatening conditions. The drug candidate, AN2-502998, is currently being tested in a Phase 1 first-in-human clinical study, scheduled for later in 2025, with a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study expected to commence next year. The partnership will leverage DNDi’s established network of clinical trial sites throughout Latin America and Spain, established through its previous Chagas clinical trial work.A team of researchers shared last week that they have developed a special kind of floss that could serve as a vaccine delivery method, delivering proteins and inactive viruses to the gums and triggering immune responses that can protect against infectious disease. While scientists have long been investigating alternatives to syringes like oral and nasal vaccine delivery methods, a challenge they’ve come across is that the mouth and nose have naturally tough defenses against foreign molecules. The flossing approach overcomes this challenge by targeting the pockets of gum between the teeth that are better at absorbing molecules. The approach proved successful in mice in multiple tests where researchers coated the floss in protein and inactive flu virus, and researchers have also tested the feasibility in humans, finding positive results. Further research will help determine if the technique will work in humans with a wide variation in gum health, including people with gum disease.Study results presented at the recent International AIDS Society Conference in HIV Science found that more than half of people living with HIV who received a pair of broadly neutralizing antibodies plus the drug N-803 experienced delayed viral rebound or maintained a low or suppressed viral load during interruption from antiretroviral treatment. While antiretroviral treatment can keep HIV suppressed indefinitely, the long-lasting viral reservoir maintained in the body has confounded researchers efforts to eliminate it, putting a cure out of reach. A small proportion of individuals naturally make unique broadly neutralizing antibodies that target key parts of the virus, which researchers have been trying to replicate with a manufactured drug. N-803, which is approved as a treatment for bladder cancer and is being studied in both cancer and HIV research, appears to be able to both reactivate dormant HIV and clear the virus out of hiding. Further research and an analysis across studies testing the approach will help confirm the underlying mechanisms of the effects researchers are seeing and determine whether the drug could be part of a future cure.