Breakthroughs Blog: Mpox

In many ways, 2024 has been a year marked by change—the first new year since the official end of the COVID-19 pandemic and a record number of elections ushering in political transitions around the world. With the global spotlight shifting to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and tuberculosis (TB) reclaiming the designation as the top infectious disease killer from COVID-19, it may seem, at first glance, that the world has moved on from the pandemic that dominated every aspect of life for the better part of four years. However, with a deeper look, it’s clear that the global community is still reacting to and learning from the pandemic—for better or worse.As the year comes to an end, GHTC is reflecting on the global health innovation news and policies that shaped 2024.1. New disease outbreaks arise around the world, spurring need for and progress in R&D.In 2024, disease outbreaks continued to dominate the headlines—from the first reports of avian flu in the United States in March to the rapid global spread of the clade 1b mpox strain over the summer to the outbreak of the deadly Marburg virus in Rwanda beginning in September. Each of these incidents exposed devastating gaps in our prevention and response toolkit and spurred important steps forward on research and development (R&D) and access.For example, in response to the worrisome spread of avian flu, both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US government launched efforts to accelerate the development of mRNA vaccines that could be deployed in case of human-to-human transmission of the currently spreading strain of avian flu or redirected to target another form of pandemic influenza if needed. Additionally, following declarations from the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and WHO designating mpox a public health emergency this past August, WHO prequalified the first vaccine against mpox and approved the first mpox test for emergency use, with the goal of accelerating global access to these critically needed tools. The outbreak also provoked new research to develop improved vaccines against mpox and the broader range of orthopox viruses, with early studies of mRNA mpox vaccines in macaques and mice demonstrating promising results.This fall, as cases of Marburg were on the rise in Rwanda, and with no currently approved vaccines or treatments available, researchers fast-tracked efforts to evaluate tools to stem the current outbreak and curb future ones. Rwandan health authorities initiated an open label vaccine trial in health workers and others at heightened risk, and there has since been a randomized clinical trial arm launched, which will offer critical efficacy data. Additionally, scientists launched the first-ever clinical trial for a Marburg treatment this year.Beyond accelerating innovation against these outbreaks, 2024 also brought exciting research advancements targeting other pathogens scientists believe are most likely to cause the next pandemic, including trials that could lead to the first-ever approved vaccines for Sudan ebolavirus and Lassa fever, as well as further efforts to improve coronavirus vaccines and simplify and speed up vaccine development and manufacturing.2. Pandemic preparedness policy reforms march forward while post-COVID political backlash in United States grows.Multilateral efforts to strengthen the world’s pandemic preparedness and response architecture moved incrementally forward this year. At the World Health Assembly (WHA) in May, member states adopted several amendments to the International Health Regulations—an existing framework codifying international responsibilities during a pandemic—, including new commitments to solidarity and equity on financing and ensuring access to medical products. The World Bank-hosted Pandemic Fund, a financing mechanism launched in 2022 to help low- and middle-income countries strengthen their preparedness and response capacities, also raised $982 million in new contributions and an additional $1.8 billion in co-financing this year, as well as awarded $500 million in grants to countries to strengthen surveillance, laboratory, and workforce capacities and fast-tracked an additional $129 million for the mpox response. Under the Brazilian presidency, G20 nations established a voluntary coalition to strengthen local and regional production of health products, which, while focused foremost on neglected diseases, could also strengthen capacities critical for pandemic preparedness and response. Unfortunately, despite some progress on negotiations toward a new pandemic accord, countries failed to reach sufficient consensus before the end of this year, and negotiators are now pushing to wrap up by the next WHA in May of 2025.At the same time as some progress was achieved on the international front, in the United States, post-COVID political backlash has deepened and become more entrenched through congressional scrutiny and reform agendas targeting the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Though the fiscal year 2025 budget is not expected to be finalized until next year, the health-related spending bill introduced by the House proposes spending cuts to CDC and a reorganization of NIH, which mirrors that put forward by House Republicans over the summer and could have serious implications for the agency’s core global health R&D capacities. Beyond appropriations, we also continued to see a plethora of congressional hearings targeting NIH and CDC on the origins of COVID-19, gain-of-function research, China’s influence, and the perception that these agencies are overstepping their mandates. The scrutiny and reform efforts we saw this year are expected to intensify in 2025, as Republicans gain control of both chambers of Congress and the White House.3. AMR captures the world’s attention as the global threat continues to grow.2024 was informally dubbed “the year of AMR,” with AMR elevated on the global agenda at several key moments. In May, a WHA resolution was adopted to accelerate national and global responses to AMR by advancing R&D, strengthening surveillance systems, and forging international partnerships. Later in September, a landmark report found that without further policy interventions, the death toll from AMR is expected to reach 39 million between 2025 and 2050—the equivalent of three deaths per minute.This shocking report set the scene for the United Nations High-Level Meeting on AMR in September, which led to the adoption of a political declaration that set the goal to reduce AMR deaths by 10 percent by 2030 and committed countries to promote the R&D of and equitable access to antimicrobials, vaccines, diagnostics, and other products. Global leaders also adopted an action plan in November, built off of the declaration, to provide actionable objectives and additional check-ins to monitor progress.This political momentum on AMR was also matched by exciting research breakthroughs that made the news this year. Researchers discovered a new compound that could potentially treat a resistant bacterial pathogen that can cause lethal hospital infections. Additionally, Phase 3 trials yielded promising results for both a therapeutic option for patients with serious bacterial infections and limited treatment options, as well as a new antibiotic that could cure uncomplicated gonorrhea infections, which could be approved sometime next year.4. TB reclaims title of deadliest infectious disease, but promising trials offer hope. This past year, TB surpassed COVID-19 to reclaim the spot as the world’s leading infectious disease killer, according to WHO’s Global Tuberculosis Report 2024. While this sobering news underscored major gaps in the tools needed to prevent, diagnose, and treat TB, especially drug-resistant TB, 2024 also brought exciting news on the research front that will hopefully help fill them.In March, a Phase 3 trial launched in South Africa, which is testing a TB vaccine candidate that could eventually become the first vaccine to prevent pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults. The only approved TB vaccine on the market, which was developed more than 100 years ago, is effective at preventing some types of TB in infants, but it offers inconsistent protection in adults against pulmonary TB. Additionally in November, the endTB consortium announced the completion of the first Phase 3 randomized controlled trial to exclusively enroll people with pre-extensively drug-resistant TB, a very hard-to-treat form of TB. Preliminary results demonstrated that a shorter, less toxic treatment strategy achieved high cure rates. Earlier in the year, WHO also recommended three new regimens for multidrug- or rifampicin-resistant TB, offering a much-needed variety of therapeutic alternatives for those with multidrug-resistant TB. 5. A major HIV breakthrough, but work remains on access. In what has been hailed as a breakthrough in HIV prevention, in 2024, exciting results were reported from a series of clinical trials for Gilead’s long-acting HIV prevention drug, lenacapavir, which found that the drug was 100 percent effective in preventing HIV in cisgender women and adolescent girls and 96 percent effective among cisgender men, transgender men and women, and gender nonbinary individuals who have sex with men. Both trials were so successful that they were unblinded early to offer the drug to all participants. Lenacapavir, which is administered via a twice-yearly injection, is currently approved as a treatment for multidrug-resistant HIV, but, if approved as a preventative regimen, the drug could be a game-changer for the HIV pandemic.Advocates applauded Gilead for its historic commitment to inclusion in these trials, while also urging that lenacapavir be made accessible and affordable as soon as possible to those that most need it. In October, Gilead announced a plan to allow generic versions of the drug to be sold in 120 countries, including all those with the highest HIV rates. However, the plan faced criticism for excluding most middle- and high-income countries that account for around 20 percent of new HIV infections. In these countries, the originator drug will only be available at higher prices, making it potentially inaccessible to at-risk populations.In other welcome HIV prevention news, in October, Population Council announced the results of a Phase 1 trial, which suggest that a three-month dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention will be as effective as the currently approved one-month ring. The ring, which is self-inserted into the vagina and slowly releases an antiretroviral drug to prevent infection over three months, was found to deliver the drug at higher levels than the one-month ring. If the longer-acting ring continues to demonstrate success, it could offer a more cost-effective and convenient option for at-risk women. 6. Trump presidency and Republican trifecta portend changes to US leadership in global health.In the November election in the United States, former President Donald Trump won the presidency and Republicans gained control of both the US House of Representatives and the Senate. It was an across-the-board victory that will portend changes to US leadership on global health and medical research. If past is prologue, we’re likely to see President-elect Trump once again propose significant funding cuts to US global health programs and public health agencies like NIH and CDC, as well as withdraw the United States from WHO and other multilateral initiatives, the latter of which could derail efforts to finalize a pandemic accord. Given that the United States is the largest funder of global health programs and global health R&D efforts, these political changes could have a reverberating impact on health around the world.Since winning the presidency, President-elect Trump has also nominated several controversial picks to lead America’s public health agencies. These include Robert F. Kennedy Jr, a noted vaccine skeptic who has expressed a desire to cut the NIH workforce and refocus the agency on chronic diseases over infectious diseases, to lead the Department of Health and Human Services; Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, a health economist who criticized public health measures during the COVID-19 response and a vocal critic of NIH, to lead NIH; and Dr. Dave Weldon, a former Congressman who has questioned vaccine safety, to lead CDC.On the congressional front, with Republicans now in control of both chambers of the US Congress, as discussed, we’ll likely see continued scrutiny and reform efforts targeting NIH and CDC, as well as potential spending cuts to health and foreign assistance programs.7. New policies and innovative research approaches help reach underserved populations.Every person, everywhere, deserves to benefit from the fruits of science, and in this otherwise tumultuous year, there were several successful efforts to advance more inclusive clinical studies. In September, WHO released new guidance on clinical trial best practices outlining practical considerations for trials to include children and pregnant and lactating individuals, populations currently underrepresented in trials, leading to a lack of approved technologies for these groups. This guidance aligned with WHO’s living toolkit to facilitate the inclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding populations in clinical trials that was published earlier in the year. 2024 also brought the launch of two historic trials that aim to diversify research and thereby ensure that future technologies will serve the needs of underserved populations. This summer, a global consortium launched the first-ever Phase 3 clinical trial testing the efficacy and safety of antimalarials in women in their first trimester of pregnancy, which will hopefully not only lead to an urgently needed new treatment option for these women but also set a precedent for the inclusion of pregnant women in future clinical trials. Earlier this year, the US Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response also announced funding to Walgreens to support a decentralized clinical trial testing COVID-19 vaccines. This unique approach will allow for a more diverse pool of study participants by bringing the study closer to where they live, ultimately ensuring that the resulting data reflects real-world use among a broader swath of the population. In the end, 2024 proved to be a complicated year, marked by both scientific and political steps forward and back. As new innovations and policies emerge in 2025 and beyond, GHTC will continue to work to ensure support for global health R&D remains a political priority and that the gains we have already made on neglected and emerging health challenges are not only sustained but also strengthened to combat an evolving health landscape.For other fascinating global health news delivered to your inbox weekly and to stay abreast of developments in 2025 and beyond, sign up now to receive GHTC’s R&D News Roundup newsletter.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Last week, Detect Diagnostics announced that it received approximately $5.9 million in grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support further development of the company’s infrared light-based point-of-care system and assays to detect protein biomarkers of infectious disease. The Visualization by Infrared PEptide Reaction (or VIPER) diagnostic technology can detect bacteria, viruses, and fungi directly from samples and is simple to use, fast, low-cost, sensitive, and portable, making it suitable for low- and middle-income countries, which face a high burden of infectious disease. The grants include specific funding to advance the development of a test to detect tuberculosis.Last week, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Siga Technologies announced that patients are no longer being enrolled in a clinical trial testing the antiviral drug tecovirimat (or Tpoxx) as a treatment for mpox. The study’s Data Safety and Monitoring Board recommended cessation after the drug did not hasten lesion healing or pain relief in adults with mild to moderate clade 2 mpox at low risk for severe illness, and an additional assessment showed a less than 1 percent chance that the study would demonstrate efficacy if enrollment and follow-up were completed. This news comes amid the ongoing global outbreak of clade 1 mpox and following the 2022 global outbreak of clade 2 mpox. While this trial and another testing Tpoxx for mpox did not show that the drug helped to accelerate lesion healing, before 2022, no treatment candidate had been studied in people with mpox, and this research represents an important step in the ongoing work of finding tools to address mpox.A recently published study introduces a proof-of-concept for a novel class of antivirals targeting a type of enzyme essential to several families of viruses—which include several pathogens that scientists believe are most likely to cause the next pandemic—, potentially paving the way for a faster and more robust response to future outbreaks. The research team screened hundreds of thousands of compounds, using the ones they discovered to create an optimized drug candidate that was then tested in mice, finding that the candidate could treat COVID-19 on par with Paxlovid, remain effective even if the virus mutated, and cause minimal side effects. The researchers say they need an industry partner before they can test the compound in humans, but they are working on developing compounds that could target other priority viruses that share the targeted enzyme, including RNA viruses like Ebola and dengue, as well as cytosolic-replicating DNA viruses like mpox.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A new, first-of-its-kind trial will assess the safety and immunogenicity of Bavarian Nordic’s MVA-BN mpox vaccine in pregnant and breastfeeding women and infants under two years old, two populations at risk of severe complications from mpox but not currently eligible for vaccination. MVA-BN is the only vaccine for mpox prequalified by the World Health Organization and is currently approved for healthy adults and adolescents, but additional data from this trial could help expand access for additional key populations amid the ongoing mpox outbreak. The trial, which will start early next year, is jointly funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and Global Health EDCTP3.Researchers from the University of Glasgow have developed a new drug that could help combat the spread of treatment-resistant malaria, as the disease continues to kill more than 600,000 people every year and Plasmodium falciparum, a mosquito vector that spreads malaria, grows increasingly resistant to artemisinin, the frontline malaria treatment. The drug, adapted from a cancer treatment approach, works by permanently disabling a protein that P. falciparum uses to duplicate itself in humans. The researchers behind the drug think it could be more effective than current drugs at all stages of malaria infection, potentially with only one dose.A research team from the University of California, Santa Barbara has found a way to potentially reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases by disrupting male mosquitoes’ ability to hear, which is essential for them to mate and breed. Male mosquitoes rely on the sound of female mosquitoes’ wingbeats in order to find and mate with them. By altering a genetic pathway that male mosquitoes use for hearing, the researchers were able to stop them mating entirely, preventing female mosquitoes, the ones that spread diseases to humans, from having babies and reducing overall mosquito populations. Specifically, the researchers studied Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which spread diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Recently published research found that a new, noninvasive test for malaria could provide a more reliable, safer, quicker, and more sensitive diagnostic option in low- and middle-income countries. The Cytophone, a tabletop printer-sized device, uses targeted lasers and ultrasound to detect malaria-infected cells in the bloodstream via a small, noninvasive probe placed on the back of a person’s hand. Malaria-infected red blood cells accumulate a by-product with unique properties that can be distinguished from normal red blood cells when they pass through a laser. The test, which provides results within minutes, was found to be as good or better at detecting symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections than the current gold standard point-of-care methods for malaria testing, which require blood samples and special laboratory equipment. The next phase of testing the device will also investigate whether the device can detect and distinguish between other species.Last Tuesday, Bavarian Nordic announced the start of a clinical study of the MVA-BN® mpox/smallpox vaccine in children between 2 and 11 years old, who are highly vulnerable to infection during the ongoing mpox emergency. The study, which currently has sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo and plans to include sites in Uganda as well, is investigating the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine in children compared to adults. Last month, the World Health Organization prequalified the vaccine for adolescents between 12 and 17 years old, following the European Medicines Agency’s approval for this age group. Results from the new trial could support an extension of the current approval.Researchers have identified a novel class of antimicrobial agents known as encrypted peptides that play a key role in the immune system’s response to bacterial infections, opening up new possibilities for combating drug-resistant infections as antimicrobial resistance continues to grow as a global health threat. The immune system is traditionally thought to rely primarily on proteins explicitly linked to immune functions, but this new research reveals that other structural proteins contribute to antimicrobial defenses. Leveraging the immune system’s natural defenses through these non-immune proteins could allow researchers to develop effective antibiotic therapies less prone to resistance.