Hannah Sachs-Wetstone

Here in Washington, DC, it’s been an especially buggy summer, with more ticks, mosquitos, and even invasive lanternflies everywhere. In fact, we’re seeing a global rise in mosquito-borne diseases, as rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing travel and migration bring these critters—and the viruses and parasites they carry—to new places and populations. For example, just last week, a potential case of locally acquired malaria was identified in Washington state, and West Nile virus, a disease transmitted by mosquitoes that was first isolated in Uganda, is now considered endemic in New York state in 2025. Last month, the World Health Organization issued an urgent call for action as chikungunya continues to spread globally again this year, prompting fear of a repeat of the 2004-2005 epidemic. Yellow fever is on the rise too—cases in the Americas during the first few months of 2025 alone more than tripled all cases the region saw last year. 2024 was also the worst year on record for dengue cases. The collective impact of these diseases is striking: globally, mosquito-borne diseases kill more than 1 million people and infect up to 700 million people each year.As conventional vector control methods like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying increasingly face challenges from insecticide resistance and mosquito-borne diseases continue to enter new regions and communities, new and up-and-coming innovations, including in diagnostics, mosquito population modification, and vaccines, will be key to helping minimize the spread of these deadly and debilitating diseases. New diagnostics can help ensure patients start treatment earlierWhile effective tools exist to diagnose mosquito-borne diseases, next-generation tools now in the pipeline could help people receive an accurate diagnosis faster, earlier, at a lower cost, and closer to their home, as well as distinguish between different mosquito-borne infections with similar symptoms. These promising breakthroughs could improve detection and care, particularly in rural and remote areas worldwide.A research team at Institut Pasteur is developing a new rapid diagnostic that can detect the presence of the Plasmodium vivax malaria parasite shortly after the initial mosquito bite—before symptoms arise—, helping patients receive appropriate treatment more quickly. Another team has developed a diagnostic device that uses strips of paper, which could serve as a more affordable, portable diagnostic alternative for detecting malaria infection in asymptomatic people in just 30 minutes.Beyond malaria, a team of Brazilian researchers has developed a novel test that can rapidly identify exposure to all four serotypes of dengue virus, as well as the Zika virus, making it perfectly suitable for regions like Brazil that are endemic to both viruses, where the similarity between symptoms can make it hard to diagnose or assess immunity in patients. This test could also help health care providers and public health workers better pinpoint where treatment and preventive measures need to be implemented.Another new tool developed by scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases could also aid surveillance and response. It uses blood samples to identify people who have been bitten by Aedes mosquitoes, which can spread diseases like dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, to identify geographic hot spots for the mosquitoes and monitor exposure in people, helping improve targeted public health interventions. New and innovative tests like these can help identify and minimize the spread of mosquito-borne diseases by connecting people to treatment earlier, as well as informing public health efforts to implement larger-scale vector control measures. Modifying mosquitoes can make it harder for insects to spread diseaseAnother approach to curb mosquito-borne diseases is to directly control the mosquito population by targeting the insect’s ability to transmit viruses or parasites to people through genetic modification or other means. One method establishes a bacterium called Wolbachia, which is commonly found in insects, in an Aedes aegypti mosquito population, blocking viruses like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika from growing inside the insects' bodies. This approach has helped protect more than 13.3 million people as of December 2024. Another research team has found a way to genetically engineer Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes by inserting a gene, which naturally occurs in some mosquitoes, that makes them poor hosts for malaria parasites.Scientists are also exploring approaches that involve inhibiting the reproduction of mosquitoes to reduce population size, and thus, the spread of disease. A Spanish research team is releasing thousands of sterilized tiger mosquitoes, one of the species whose females transmit dengue, to reduce the spread of dengue and other vector-borne diseases. Similar sterilization techniques have been previously used to address other disease vectors, but the Spanish lab is pioneering its use on the tiger mosquito.In an altogether different and novel approach, scientists in the Netherlands are looking into a way to modify mosquitoes so their bite can deliver a vaccine for malaria to humans, with continuous exposure through multiple bites prolonging immunity levels.While some of these methods of targeting mosquito populations have proven effective already and new methods could offer even more precise mechanisms for vector control, the long-term implications on the ecosystem warrant further consideration, so science must move forward cautiously. New vaccines could be game changers, but research has stalled for some diseasesExperts believe that vaccines are essential for drastically reducing the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases, and when used in combination with other prevention methods, could help turn the tide against this growing threat. The world’s first malaria vaccine was approved in 2021, closely followed by a second vaccine in 2023, both of which have already had a huge impact, with 24 million doses delivered across 20 countries. Ongoing research aims to resolve some of the limitations of these first-generation vaccines. One innovative malaria vaccine candidate that is undergoing a clinical trial uses genetically engineered parasites that cannot cause disease but are potent enough to trigger a strong immune response. Preclinical data found that the vaccine could potentially offer higher efficacy at lower doses than current vaccines.The first vaccine for dengue, which could only be used among people who had previous infections, was approved in 2019, but its production is being phased out due to limited use. It was trailed by additional vaccines, including the Qdenga vaccine, which targets all four types of the dengue virus and is safe for use in individuals with and without prior infection. However, it does not provide equal protection against all dengue subtypes and has not been studied enough in people over 16 years old. Researchers in Brazil have developed a single-dose vaccine targeting all dengue subtypes that demonstrated high efficacy in people across ages in recent Phase 3 trials. Its single dose would hopefully also make it easier to administer and scale up production.While these vaccines hold tremendous promise, there are still gaps in the pipeline and a lack of availability of vaccines for certain mosquito-borne diseases. There are no human vaccines for West Nile virus, even though safe and highly effective West Nile vaccines for horses have been around for decades, with research and development efforts in the United States hindered by the sporadic and unpredictable nature of outbreaks. Zika vaccine research has also stalled since the 2015-2016 outbreak, attention dwindling along with cases as people forget the frightening and unexpected nature of the last rise in cases.With trends like climate change, globalization, and migration showing no signs of slowing down, the world’s deadliest animal and the diseases it carries are only going to become a bigger risk to human health. We’ve made tremendous progress against these diseases, but further innovations will better prepare us to take on a buggier future.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. A new study from a team at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine found that the drug nitisinone works as a potent contact insecticide for killing the mosquito species that spread malaria, dengue, Zika, and other emerging mosquito-borne viral threats, offering hope of a new approach to combating insecticide resistance. Nitisinone, which is currently used to treat a rare genetic condition in humans, kills mosquitoes by blocking an enzyme that is necessary for them to process human blood, which is not a pathway targeted by any currently used insecticides. The research suggests that the drug could be formulated for use in indoor residual spraying or insecticide-treated bed nets, helping eliminate mosquitoes even in settings where rising insecticide resistance has undermined the effectiveness of current vector control methods.Early last week, the Gates Foundation announced a $2.5 billion commitment through 2030 to accelerate research and development on women’s health. Specifically, the funding will help advance more than 40 innovations in five critical areas: obstetric care and maternal immunization, maternal health and nutrition, gynecological and menstrual health, contraceptive innovation, and sexually transmitted infections. These areas were selected based on extensive data about where innovation can save and improve the most lives and where there are persistently high rates of misdiagnosis, as well as direct insights from women in low- and middle-income countries about their needs, preferences, and challenges.Last week, IAVI; the Mutala Trust; ReiThera; and the Ragon Institute of Mass General Brigham, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University announced that the first doses of an investigational HIV vaccine candidate were administered in their Phase 1, first-in-human clinical trial. The clinical trial is taking place at three sites in Zimbabwe and South Africa among 120 healthy adults, including people living with HIV. Carrying out the trial in sub-Saharan Africa, which faces the highest disease burden, will help ensure the vaccine is effective and relevant in the communities where it is most needed. The vaccine candidate is designed to stimulate the immune system, particularly CD8+ T cells, to recognize and target critical structural regions of the virus. Scientists believe CD8+ T cells could potentially target HIV-infected cells, so the trial will also assess whether the vaccine candidate could be part of future therapeutic or cure technologies.

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. Last week, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) and AN2 Therapeutics announced a new collaboration to advance clinical development of AN2’s oral drug candidate for the treatment of chronic Chagas disease, which can remain asymptomatic for years while the infection wreaks irreversible damage in the body, potentially leading to the development of life-threatening conditions. The drug candidate, AN2-502998, is currently being tested in a Phase 1 first-in-human clinical study, scheduled for later in 2025, with a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study expected to commence next year. The partnership will leverage DNDi’s established network of clinical trial sites throughout Latin America and Spain, established through its previous Chagas clinical trial work.A team of researchers shared last week that they have developed a special kind of floss that could serve as a vaccine delivery method, delivering proteins and inactive viruses to the gums and triggering immune responses that can protect against infectious disease. While scientists have long been investigating alternatives to syringes like oral and nasal vaccine delivery methods, a challenge they’ve come across is that the mouth and nose have naturally tough defenses against foreign molecules. The flossing approach overcomes this challenge by targeting the pockets of gum between the teeth that are better at absorbing molecules. The approach proved successful in mice in multiple tests where researchers coated the floss in protein and inactive flu virus, and researchers have also tested the feasibility in humans, finding positive results. Further research will help determine if the technique will work in humans with a wide variation in gum health, including people with gum disease.Study results presented at the recent International AIDS Society Conference in HIV Science found that more than half of people living with HIV who received a pair of broadly neutralizing antibodies plus the drug N-803 experienced delayed viral rebound or maintained a low or suppressed viral load during interruption from antiretroviral treatment. While antiretroviral treatment can keep HIV suppressed indefinitely, the long-lasting viral reservoir maintained in the body has confounded researchers efforts to eliminate it, putting a cure out of reach. A small proportion of individuals naturally make unique broadly neutralizing antibodies that target key parts of the virus, which researchers have been trying to replicate with a manufactured drug. N-803, which is approved as a treatment for bladder cancer and is being studied in both cancer and HIV research, appears to be able to both reactivate dormant HIV and clear the virus out of hiding. Further research and an analysis across studies testing the approach will help confirm the underlying mechanisms of the effects researchers are seeing and determine whether the drug could be part of a future cure.

We have seen tremendous strides toward gender equity and improved women’s health around the world, enabled through innovative technologies that empower and lift up women—but there’s still tremendous work to be done.   African women face a disproportionately high risk of dying from communicable diseases like HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria that are endemic in Africa, as well as a higher risk of pregnancy and birth complications than women outside the continent. At the same time, women are also the backbone of the health workforce in Africa, playing a vital role in supporting the health and wellbeing of their families and communities.  Yet, despite their unique understanding of the health challenges and needs of African women and communities, women in Africa are massively underrepresented in the field of research. Only 31 percent of professional researchers in sub-Saharan Africa are women, mirroring the 33.3 percent of researchers that are women globally. Moreover, women researchers have a harder time getting funding and support for their work.This gender gap has profound consequences—it contributes to gaps in our understanding of women’s health issues and in our arsenal of tools to treat women. For example, pregnant women and other women of childbearing age have long been excluded from clinical trials, leading to insufficient or unsafe options for these populations for a variety of diseases and health areas.To celebrate the achievements of African women, we’re spotlighting six African women researchers who have made significant contributions to global health research and supported the next generation of African researchers, including women.Dr. Damaris Matoke-Muhia Dr. Damaris Matoke-Muhia is a Kenyan molecular biologist who is leading the fight against malaria and other vector-borne diseases in Africa. She currently serves as Entomology Division Head at the Kenya Medical Research Institute, as well as a Kofi Annan Global Health Leader Fellow at the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.Dr. Matoke-Muhia has studied the behavior of mosquitoes for more than a decade, investigating why we’ve seen changes like shifts in biting habits, the emergence of a malaria vector previously endemic to Asia in Africa, and increasing resistance to insecticides, which have made these vectors harder to control, as well as researching new techniques to improve vector control. Through her work with the Pan-African Mosquito Control Association, Dr. Matoke-Muhia has also helped train other African women to become experts and leaders in vector control. She uniquely understands the need for women, who are often the ones implementing tools like bed nets to protect their families and communities, to be at the forefront of research and control efforts: “It is important that we ensure equal representation, as far as leadership, because women speak from experience and from what has worked and not worked at community levels. Women should always be at the forefront at leadership levels, which is key to elimination of malaria on the continent.”Dr. Monique Wasunna Dr. Monique Wasunna, a Ugandan-born doctor and researcher, has for decades been at the frontlines of African research into neglected tropical diseases. She worked for many years at the Kenya Medical Research Institute and currently serves as Africa Ambassador of the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), an organization she joined at its conception in 2003. In her current role, Dr. Wasunna engages African policy leaders and stakeholders to support research and development (R&D) collaborations that deliver new treatments for neglected disease. Throughout her career, Dr. Wasunna has led numerous clinical trials to find better treatment options for neglected diseases. At DNDi, her work helped the organization advance several groundbreaking new treatments for neglected tropical diseases, including an improved, affordable therapy for leishmaniasis and an all-oral cure for sleeping sickness, which replaced a toxic treatment that was the only previously available option.Dr. Wasunna is also a founding member of the Leishmaniasis East Africa Platform, which promotes clinical research and research capacity-building for leishmaniasis in the East Africa region. The platform has supported clinical trials that resulted in improved treatments for visceral leishmaniasis; trained hundreds of people in clinical care, research, and data management; and upgraded laboratories and hospitals across the region, enabling African researchers and research institutions to lead efforts to address neglected tropical diseases, like leishmaniasis, which are high concentrated on the continent.As she says in a piece cowritten by Dr. Wasunna and Dr. Matoke-Muhia, “African women scientists have already proven that they can lead inclusive, groundbreaking research and shape global health solutions. But we cannot wait another five generations for gender parity.”Dr. Delese Mimi DarkoDr. Delese Mimi Darko is a Ghanaian pharmacist who transformed her country’s regulatory and clinical trial ecosystem as head of Ghana’s regulatory agency and will now apply her expertise to the entire continent as she becomes the first-ever Director General of the African Medicines Agency, a recently established initiative to boost Africa’s regulatory capacity and ensure the safety and quality of medical products.As Chief Executive Officer of Ghana’s Food and Drug Administration and in previous roles during her multiple decades working at the agency, Dr. Darko helped establish a strong, stable, and integrated national regulatory system, which has achieved the World Health Organization’s highest maturity level designation. She also pioneered clinical trial regulation in the country, helping make the country a clinical trial leader in the West African region. Dr. Darko has taken on various advisory roles throughout her career, furthering partnerships and initiatives that support R&D and regulatory harmonization across the continent.In addition to helping transform the research and regulatory ecosystem of her country and now the broader African continent, paving the way for the next generation of African innovators, Dr. Darko has also highlighted the need for more female leaders: “Women [are] generally more altruistic and are therefore able to better consider other opinions and views. This makes us better team players and better leaders who, as a consequence, are able to take bold decisions based on wider consideration.”Dr. Quarraisha Abdool KarimDr. Quarraisha Abdool Karim is a South African infectious disease epidemiologist who for decades has been a global pioneer in HIV/AIDS research, leading research that has shaped the global HIV prevention landscape, particularly focusing on technologies for women. In 2001, Dr. Abdool Karim and her husband, also a world-class HIV/AIDS researcher, brought together a group of top HIV researchers to form the Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, which is today one of most influential HIV/AIDS research programs in the world.Dr. Abdool Karim’s work demonstrating that antiretrovirals previously only used to treat HIV/AIDS could also be used to prevent sexually transmitted HIV laid the foundation for the HIV prevention approach, pre-exposure prophylaxis, that is widely used today.Dr. Abdool Karim and her center’s work also led to the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies, antibodies that can neutralize a wide range of HIV variants, after discovering that one of the center’s study participants produced unique antibodies that not only attacked the strain of HIV she had but also targeted a broad swath of the HIV strains circulating globally. The isolation and recreation of these antibodies in a lab was a game changer—many of the most promising HIV cure strategies in development use them.Dr. Abdool Karim has spoken about the unique potential of researchers from backgrounds underrepresented in science to tackle those often-ignored areas of health and scientific query, saying, “these were very much our problems in Africa that few others were working on…and if we waited for solutions from elsewhere, it wasn’t going to come. We had to take the lead.”Professor Faith Osier  Professor Faith Osier is a Kenyan malaria researcher and professor who currently serves as Chair in Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology at Imperial College London and President of the International Union of Immunological Societies, the first African and only second women to hold the role. Professor Osier has dedicated her career to studying the immune response to the malaria parasite, particularly looking at what parts of the response can help protect against infection, information that is key to designing more effective malaria vaccines.  Professor Osier helped develop a custom tool, the first of its kind in Africa, which includes more than 100 parasite proteins that are potential targets of antibody responses. The tool helps researchers quickly test which proteins are triggered in strong immune responses using blood samples from malaria patients, giving researchers a clue into what proteins they should target in future vaccines.Professor Osier also built an international network of partners to share samples and epidemiological data on malaria parasites across Africa, which now spans 12 sites across seven sub-Saharan African countries. The network has assembled a dataset of 10,000 samples, each of which has been systematically analyzed, helping develop a map of parasite diversity across the region. The network has also helped develop malaria research capacity in Africa, providing training opportunities for students and early-career researchers. Professor Osier has spoken about her strong belief in the need to build African research capacity, “I think there has been a massive change in awareness or great momentum to support scientists in developing countries so that they can work on the problems that are facing their own countries, and I think it’s very important.”Dr. Francine NtoumiDr. Francine Ntoumi is an award-winning Congolese molecular biologist who founded and currently serves as President and Executive Director of the Congolese Foundation for Medical Research in the Republic of Congo, as well as Professor of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases at the Institute of Tropical Medicine at the University of Tübingen, Germany.While Dr. Ntoumi’s own research has focused on malaria, tuberculosis, and COVID-19, she has also been a leading advocate of boosting African health research capacity and specifically supporting African women researchers throughout her career, as the first African leader of the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria and through her leadership at the  Central African Network on Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and Malaria, which works regionally to boost research capacity. “It might be difficult to convince Congolese girls they could be the next Marie Curie, but easier to convince them they can be me!” she said. “We have to banish this idea that only men can have ambition. If you are female and have scientific ability, you need to stand up.”These incredible female scientists and many others have contributed to considerable strides in research into the biggest health challenges facing the African continent and helped elevate African researchers, particularly women researchers, paving the way for a healthier, more scientifically engaged future for Africa and African women. Photo credits from top to bottom: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Ghana Food and Drugs Authority, CAPRISA, Imperial College London, Congolese Foundation for Medical Research

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. LPIXEL, the University of Dundee, and Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) are partnering, with financial support from the Global Health Innovative Technology Fund, to develop a platform that uses advanced image analysis and machine learning to accelerate the discovery of novel antimalarials. Specifically, the platform will use images of stained parasite cells to better understand a compound's biological impact on the malaria parasite, providing key insights into its mode of action, a process that is usually months-long. As the emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarials poses a new threat to malaria control and elimination efforts, this new platform could help pave the way for new and effective therapies. MMV will also make the platform open access, enabling researchers around the world to use the technology to improve drug discovery efforts across a range of diseases. Results from a multi-country Phase 3 clinical trial published last week found that a shorter all-oral drug regimen was effective in some patients with pre-extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) but with mixed results. The trial tested the efficacy of 6- and 9-month regimens compared to the World Health Organization-recommended 18-month regimen, finding that while the shorter regimens had a high success rate, they did not meet the criteria to be considered at least as effective as the standard, in part because patients with extensive disease did not respond as well as those with limited disease. The trial provides important insights to guide future research into shorter drug regimens for those with drug-resistant TB. A team of researchers from Austria and Ghana recently published the results of a study testing a new pathogen detection test, finding that it was highly effective and suitable for low-resource settings. The test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, maintained its efficacy while being transported long distances at room temperature, and is extremely affordable. The researchers have made the test protocol open source, allowing it to be used to address critical unmet needs in low- and middle-income countries and other low-resource settings—it is already been used to develop an HIV test and a test for influenza and the virus that causes COVID-19. This research effort stemmed from challenges with implementing large-scale testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Interested in more global health innovation news? Every week GHTC scours media reports worldwide to deliver essential global health R&D news and content to your inbox. Sign up now to receive our weekly R&D News Roundup email. On Friday, IAVI announced a €1 million investment from the Dutch government to further clinical evaluation of the organization’s investigational vaccine candidate for Sudan virus disease, a severe disease with potentially long-term health consequences, for which there are no vaccines or specific treatments. It is important to continue advancing the vaccine’s development in between outbreaks, coordinating with partners to generate key data, accelerate and improve manufacturing for the later stages of development and production, and ensure that a trial can begin promptly following the identification of a new outbreak. IAVI’s vaccine was tested in a trial during Uganda’s Sudan virus outbreak earlier this year and previously demonstrated promising results in animal models and a Phase 1 clinical trial in the United States.Researchers at the University of Texas and Moderna recently announced that in a preclinical trial in rodents, their mRNA vaccine candidate provided full protection against Marburg disease, a deadly disease closely related to Ebola, for which there are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments. Marburg has caused several outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa, including one in Tanzania earlier this year, and the frequency of outbreaks has increased in recent years, as behavioral shifts offer more opportunities for the virus to spill over from fruit bats to humans. If the vaccine proves successful in future human trials, it could help play a key role in curbing the spread of future outbreaks.Last week, Novartis announced that the first malaria treatment for babies and small children who weigh less than 10 pounds has been approved by Swiss authorities, offering a new tool in the fight against malaria, particularly to help reduce the high rate of malaria deaths in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Coartem Baby, developed by Novartis and the Medicines for Malaria Venture, offers significant improvement over the previous option of treating these babies and young children with versions of malaria drugs formulated for older children, which raises the risk of toxicity and overdose. Novartis plans to introduce the drug on a largely not-for-profit basis, and it could be rolled out in African countries within weeks, with the eight countries that participated in clinical trials of the drug expected to be among the first to receive it.